Integrated design and control of chemical processes : Part II: an illustrative example

[EN] In this paper, the integrated design paradigm is illustrated with several examples taken from the wide range of methodologies developed in last decades and presented in the first article of this series [Part 1]. The techniques included here belong to the category of simultaneous design and control in an optimization framework, and they have been developed by the authors’ research group and applied to the simultaneous process and control system design of the activated sludge process in a wastewater treatment plant (WWTP). In the present article, new aspects and results of those methodologies are presented for further understanding. The scope of the problem considers both a fixed plant layout and the plant structure selection by defining a simple superstructure. The control strategy chosen is a linear Model Predictive Controller (MPC) with terminal penalty in order to guarantee stability. As for the evaluation of the controllability, norm based indexes have been considered, and a multi-model approach to represent the uncertainty and assure robustness. The formulation of the optimization problem can be stated either as a multiobjective one considering costs and controllability, or as monoobjective adding some controllability constraints. Several strategies for solving the optimization problem are presented, mixing stochastic and deterministic methods, and genetic algorithms.[ES] En este artículo, el paradigma de diseño integrado se ilustra con varios ejemplos tomados de la amplia gama de metodologías desarrolladas en las últimas décadas y presentadas en el primer artículo de esta serie. Las técnicas utilizadas pertenecen a la categoría de diseño y control simultáneo en un marco de optimización siendo desarrolladas por el grupo de investigación de los autores y aplicadas al diseño simultáneo de procesos y sistemas de control del proceso de lodos activados en una planta de tratamiento de aguas residuales. El alcance del problema considera tanto una disposición fija de la planta como la selección de la estructura de la planta definiendo una superestructura simple. La estrategia de control elegida es un controlador predictivo modelo lineal (MPC). En cuanto a la evaluación de la controlabilidad, se han considerado índices basados en normas, y un enfoque multi-modelo para representar la incertidumbre y asegurar robustez. La formulación del problema de optimización se puede plantear bien como un objetivo multiobjetivo que considera costos y controlabilidad, o como monoobjetivo que añade algunas restricciones de controlabilidad. Se presentan varias estrategias para resolver el problema de optimización, mezclando métodos estocásticos y determinísticos, y algoritmos genéticos

Integrated design and control of chemical processes : part I : revision and clasification

[EN] This work presents a comprehensive classification of the different methods and procedures for integrated synthesis, design and control of chemical processes, based on a wide revision of recent literature. This classification fundamentally differentiates between “projecting methods”, where controllability is monitored during the process design to predict the trade-offs between design and control, and the “integrated-optimization methods” which solve the process design and the control-systems design at once within an optimization framework. The latter are revised categorizing them according to the methods to evaluate controllability and other related properties, the scope of the design problem, the treatment of uncertainties and perturbations, and finally, the type the optimization problem formulation and the methods for its resolution.[ES] Este trabajo presenta una clasificación integral de los diferentes métodos y procedimientos para la síntesis integrada, diseño y control de procesos químicos. Esta clasificación distingue fundamentalmente entre los "métodos de proyección", donde se controla la controlabilidad durante el diseño del proceso para predecir los compromisos entre diseño y control, y los "métodos de optimización integrada" que resuelven el diseño del proceso y el diseño de los sistemas de control a la vez dentro de un marco de optimización. Estos últimos se revisan clasificándolos según los métodos para evaluar la controlabilidad y otras propiedades relacionadas, el alcance del problema de diseño, el tratamiento de las incertidumbres y las perturbaciones y, finalmente, el tipo de la formulación del problema de optimización y los métodos para su resolución

A survey of clinical features of allergic rhinitis in adults

Background: Allergic rhinitis (AR) has high prevalence and substantial socio-economic burden.Material/Methods: The study included 35 Italian Centers recruiting an overall number of 3383 adult patients with rhinitis (48% males, 52% females, mean age 29.1, range 18-45 years). For each patient, the attending physician had to fill in a standardized questionnaire, covering, in particular, some issues such as the ARIA classification of allergic rhinitis (AR), the results of skin prick test (SPT), the kind of treatment, the response to treatment, and the satisfaction with treatment.Results: Out of the 3383 patients with rhinitis, 2788 (82.4%) had AR: 311 (11.5%) had a mild intermittent, 229 (8.8%) a mild persistent, 636 (23.5%) a moderate-severe intermittent, and 1518 (56.1%) a moderate-severe persistent form. The most frequently used drugs were oral antihistamines (77.1%) and topical corticosteroids (60.8%). The response to treatment was judged as excellent in 12.2%, good in 41.3%, fair in 31.2%, poor in 14.5%, and very bad in 0.8% of subjects. The rate of treatment dissatisfaction was significantly higher in patients with moderate-to-severe AR than in patients with mild AR (p<0.0001). Indication to allergen immunotherapy (AIT) was significantly more frequent (p<0.01) in patients with severe AR than with mild AR.Conclusions: These findings confirm the appropriateness of ARIA guidelines in classifying the AR patients and the association of severe symptoms with unsuccessful drug treatment. The optimal targeting of patients to be treated with AIT needs to be reassessed